Mariana Pineda

Mariana de Pineda y Muñoz, generally known as Mariana Pineda, (Granada, 1 September 1804– Granada, 26 May 1831) was a Spanish liberalist heroine.

At a very young age, Mariana married Manuel Peralta Valte, a liberal army officer, but was widowed in 1822 with two children. After her husband's death, Mariana became very involved in liberal causes. In 1828 she assisted in Captain Fernando Álvarez de Sotomayor's escape from prison. He was a noted liberal who had been condemned to death for taking part in GeneralRafael Riego's insurrection, and also Mariana's cousin.In a search of her house in 1831, a flag was discovered with the embroidered slogan 'Equality, Freedom and Law' and Mariana was arrested and accused of conspiracy. After a failed escape attempt, she was detained in the Santa María Egipciaca convent in Granada. During the trial, the Judge tried to convince her to betray her accomplices in exchange for leniency, but she refused. Mariana was publicly executed by the garrote on May 26th.

In 1925 the playwright Federico García Lorca based his play Mariana Pineda on her story, propelling the popular heroine into legend and myth. Between 1965 and 1969 the Frenchcomposer Louis Saguer (1907–1991) composed an opera on the subject. The work premiered in 1970 in Marseille and was awarded the Grand Opera Prize of Monaco (1970).

Another Spanish playwright, José Martín Recuerda, a native of Granada, wrote "Las arrecogías del Beaterio de Santa María Egipciaca" based on the imprisonment of Mariana Pineda. The play was adapted and translated into English by Robert Lima as "The Inmates of the Convent of St. Mary Egyptian" and premiered on March 17, 1980 with a professional cast at The Pennsylvania State University. Upon its publication in DramaContemporary: Spain (1985), edited by Marion Peter Holt, the play was performed at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe by the Oxford Theatre Group in 1988.

After Fernando VII sentenced her to death, she was publicly executed near the Plaza de Triunfo with the brutal garrotte, a Spanish iron collar used to strangle and break the neck:

“The memory of my suffering will do more for our cause for liberty than all the flags in the world.”

The importance of Mariana Pineda’s role and the majesty of her birth home, “House of the Pinedas,” has been refurbished into a 4-star hotel, with special recognition as a museum-hotel (Palacio de Mariana Pineda). The chance to show travellers a little bit of Spanish history and to transport them through a dream to the time of “the heroine of liberty,” to the time of Mariana Pineda.

Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution brought new trends in employment. Steam-powered machines increased production but were large and cumbersome. Factories were built to house the new machinery. All the tools and machines used in the manufacturing process were housed in one building - the factory. Factories were built all over Britain, close to natural resources and transport. In a process called urbanisation, workers moved to the cities for employment opportunities provided by the new factories.

The reality, however, was very different from workers' expectations. Factories were dangerous and hot. Working hours were long. Work was repetitive and exhausting. The difficult working conditions were made worse by poor living conditions, with many workers living in slums. Some groups of workers, such as the Luddites, opposed the Industrial Revolution. Gradually, the plight of the workers was improved by government legislation and individual industrialists.

Factories were built all over Britain. Different areas of Britain had different factories, depending upon the location of natural resources, raw materials and transportation. 
Cities grew around factories. Populations increased dramatically as workers moved from the country to the city in search of new employment and prosperity. In the 1770s, Manchester had a population of 25 000. By 1850, Manchester's population had grown to 350 000. By the mid-19th century, more than half the population of Britain lived in cities.






Workers spent twelve to fourteen hours a day, six to seven days a week, in the factories. Workers were carefully supervised by managers. Twelve-hour working days were not unknown in Britain.

Factory owners employed children in order to teach them factory skills. Children learned factory skills more easily than adults.Women were also encouraged to work in the factories as they could be paid less than men while still producing the same quality of products. Women made a major contribution to the labour market. It was not unusual for married women to work full-time in the factories